This memorandum will be construed to comply with provisions necessary to establish presumed fact (Rule 301, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and attending State rules) should interested parties fail to rebut any given allegation or matter of law addressed herein. The position will be construed as adequate to meet requirements of judicial notice, thus preserving fundamental law. Matters addressed herein, if not rebutted, will be construed to have general application. A true and correct copy of this Public Notice is on file with and available for inspection at the newspaper responsible for publishing the instrument as legal notice. The memorandum addresses the character of the Internal Revenue Service and other agencies of the Department of the Treasury, and legal application of the Internal Revenue Code.

In 1953, the Internal Revenue Service was created by the stroke of a pen when the Secretary of the Treasury changed the name of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Treasury Order No. 150-29, G.M. Humphrey, Secretary of the Treasury, July 9, 1953). However, no congressional or presidential authorization for making this change has been located, so the source of authority had to originate elsewhere. Research to which IRS officials have acquiesced suggests that the Secretary exercised his authority as trustee of Puerto Rico, Trust #62 (Internal Revenue) (see 31 USC § 1321), and as will be demonstrated, the Secretary does, in fact, operate as Secretary of the Treasury, Puerto Rico.

The solid link between the Internal Revenue Service and the Department of the Treasury, Puerto Rico, was first published in the September 1995 issue of Veritas Magazine, based on research by William Cooper and Wayne Bentson, both of Arizona. A criminal complaint was filed in the office of W. A. Drew Edmondson, attorney general for Oklahoma, against an Enid-based revenue officer, and in the time since, IRS principals have failed to refute the allegation that IRS is an agency of the Department of Treasury, Puerto Rico. Later, criminal complaints were filed simultaneously with the grand jury for the United States District Court for the District of Northern Oklahoma, Tulsa, and the office of Attorney General Edmondson, and both the office of the United States Attorney and IRS principals have yet to rebut the allegations in that instance.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA vs. Kenney F. Moore, et al, 95 CR-129C).

By consulting the index for Chapter 3, Title 31 of the United States Code, one finds that IRS and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms are not listed as agencies of the United States Department of the Treasury. The fact that Congress never created a "Bureau of Internal Revenue" is confirmed by publication in the Federal Register at 36 F.R. 849-890 [C.B. 1971 - 1,698], 36 F.R. 11946 [C.B. 1971 - 2,577], and 37 F.R. 489-490; and in Internal Revenue Manual 1100 at 1111.2

Implications are condemning both to IRS and third parties who knowingly participate in IRS-initiated scams: No legitimate authority resides in or emanates from an office which was not legitimately created and/or ordained either by state or national constitutions or by legislative enactment. See variously, United States v. Germane, 99 U.S. 508 (1879), Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425, 441, 6 S.Ct. 1121 (1866), etc., dating to Pope v. Commissioner, 138 F.2d 1006, 1009 (6th Cir. 1943); where the state is concerned, the most recent corresponding decision was State v. Pinckney, 276 N.W.2d 433, 436 (Iowa 1979).

Another direct evidence of the fraud is found at 27 CFR § 1, which prescribes basic requirements for securing permits under the Federal Alcohol Administration Act. The problem here is that Congress promulgated the Act in 1935, and the same year, the United States Supreme Court declared the Act unconstitutional. Administration of the Act was subsequently moved offshore to Puerto Rico, along with the Federal Alcohol Administration, and operation eventually merged with the Bureau of Internal Revenue, Puerto Rico, which until 1938, along with the Bureau of Internal Revenue, Philippines, created by the Philippines provisional government via Philippines Trust #2 (internal revenue) (see 31 USC § 1321 for listing of Philippines Trust #2 (internal revenue)), administered the China Trade Act (licensing & revenue collection relating to opium, cocaine & citric wines). This line will be resumed after examining additional evidences concerning IRS and Commissioner of Internal Revenue authority.

Further verification that IRS does not have lawful authority in the several States is found in the Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules, beginning on page 751 of the 1995 Index volume to the Code of Federal Regulations. It will be found that there are no regulations supportive of 26 USC §§ 7621, 7801, 7802 & 7803 (these statute listings are absent from the table). In other words, no regulations have been published in the Federal Register, extending authority to the several States and the population at large,

Authority of the Internal Revenue Service, via the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, is convoluted in regulations, but makes an amount of sense by citing various regulations pertaining to the Service and application of the Commissioner's authority. General procedural rules at 26 CFR § 601.101(a) provide a beginning-point:

(a) General. The Internal Revenue Service is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury under the immediate direction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The Commissioner has general superintendence of the assessment and collection of all taxes imposed by any law providing internal revenue. The Internal Revenue Service is the agency by which these functions are performed...

The fact that there are no regulations extending Commissioner of Internal Revenue, or Department of the Treasury authority to the several States (26 USC § 7802(a)), has greater clarity in the light of the general merging of functions between IRS and other agencies presently attached to the Department of the Treasury. The Commissioner is given responsibility for issuing rules and regulations for the Code at 26 CFR § 301.7805-1, with approval of the Secretary, but there are no cites of authority for this CFR subpart, whether Treasury Order, publication in the Federal Register, or even statute cite. In other words, there is no actual or effective delegation which vests the Commissioner with significant independent authority which might be conveyed to IRS, BATF, Customs or any other Department of the Treasury agency with respect to powers extending to or affecting the several States and the population at large.

The link between IRS and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms is significant as the tie with the Bureau of Internal Revenue, Department of the Treasury, Puerto Rico, is through this door. Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1940, Section 2, made the following change:

§ 2. Federal Alcohol Administration

The Federal Alcohol Administration, the offices of the members thereof, and the office of the Administrator are abolished, and their function shall be administered under direction and supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury through the Bureau of Internal Revenue in the Department of the Treasury.

Again, the Federal Alcohol Administration Act of 1935 was declared unconstitutional in 1935, and the operation thereafter transferred off shore to Puerto Rico. The name of the Bureau of Internal Revenue was changed to the Internal Revenue Service in 1953 (cite above), then the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, a division of the Internal Revenue Service, was seemingly separated from IRS (T.O. 120-01, June 6, 1972). In relevant part, the order reads as follows:

1. The purpose of this order is to transfer, as specified herein, the functions, powers

and duties of the Internal Revenue Service arising under law relating to Alcohol,

Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives including the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

division of the Internal Revenue Service, to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and

Firearms herein after referred to as the Bureau which is hereby established. The Bureau shall be headed by the Director of the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms herein referred to as the Director...

2. The Director shall perform the functions, exercise the powers and carry out the duties of the Secretary and the administration and the enforcement of the following provisions of law:
A. Chapters 51 and 52 and 53 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and Section 7652 and 7653 of such code insofar as they relate to the commodity subject to tax under such chapters.
B. Chapter 61 to 80 inclusive to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 insofar as they relate to activities administered and enforced with respect to chapters 51, 52, 53. (emphasis added)

Transfer of functions and duties of IRS to BATF relative to Internal Revenue Code Subtitle F (chapters 61 to 80) is important where the instant matter is concerned as the only regulations published in the Federal Register applicable to the several States are under 27 CFR, Part 70 and other parts of this title relating exclusively to alcohol, tobacco and firearms matters. However, the charade doesn't end there. In Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1965 (5 USC § 903), the original Bureau of Customs, created by Act of Congress in 1895, was abolished and merged under the Secretary of the Treasury.

In a Treasury Order published in the Federal Register of December 15, 1976, the Secretary of the Treasury used something of a slight of hand to confuse matters more by determining, "The term Director, Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms has been replaced with the term Internal Revenue Service."

Obviously, it is impossible to replace a person with a thing when it comes to administrative responsibility. However, the order demonstrates that IRS and BATF are one and the same, merely operating with interchangeable hats. Therefore, definitions and designations applicable to one are applicable to the other.

In definitions at 27 CFR § 250.11, the following provisions are found:

Revenue Agent. Any duly authorized Commonwealth Internal Revenue Agent of the Department of the Treasury of Puerto Rico. Secretary. The Secretary of the Treasury of Puerto Rico. Secretary or his delegate. The Secretary or any officer or employee of the Department of the Treasury of Puerto Rico duly authorized by the Secretary to perform the function mentioned or described in this part.

In the absence of any other definition describing revenue officers and agents, the Secretary, or the Department of the Treasury, definitions above are uniformly applicable to all IRS and BATF departments, functions and personnel. In fact, it will be found that even petroleum tax prescribed in Subtitle D of the Internal Revenue Code applies only to United States territorial jurisdiction exclusive of the several States and to imported petroleum. BATF has authority only with respect to firearms, munitions, etc., produced outside the several States and the first sale of imports.

The two delegations of authority to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue thus far located tend to reinforce conclusions set out above. Treasury Department Order No. 150-42, dated July 27, 1956, appearing in at 21 Fed. Reg. 5852, specifies the following:

The Commissioner shall, to the extent of the authority vested in him, provide for the administration of United States internal revenue laws in the Panama Canal Zone, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

On February 27, 1986 (51 Fed. Reg. 9571), Treasury Department Order No. 150-01 specified the following:

The Commissioner shall, to the extent of authority otherwise vested in him, provide for the administration of the United States internal revenue laws in the U.S. Territories and insular possessions and other authorized areas of the world.

To date only three statutes in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as currently amended, have been located that specifically reference the several States, exclusive of the federal States (District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, etc.): 26 USC §§ 5272(b), 5362(c) & 7462. The first two provide certain exemptions to bond and import tax requirements relating to imported distilled spirits for governments of the several States and their respective political subdivisions, and the last provides that reports published by the United States Tax Court will constitute evidence of the reports in courts of the United States and the several States. None of the three statutes extend assessment or collections authority for IRS or BATF within the several States.

IRS is contracted to provide collection services for the Agency for International Development, and case law demonstrates that the true principals of interest are the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank (Bank of the United States v. Planters Bank of Georgia, 6 L.Ed (Wheat) 244; U.S. v. Burr, 309 U.S. 242; see 22 USCA § 286, et seq.). In other words, the IRS seemingly provides collection services for undisclosed foreign principals rather than collecting internal revenue for the benefit of the Treasury or the constitutional United States government operation. To date, IRS principals have failed to deny or dispute these published allegations of fact.

The Internal Revenue Service, an (unregistered) foreign entity (agent) with respect to the several States, is not registered, legally or otherwise, to do business or enforce debt, or law, in the several States of the Union, outside of the Federal enclaves (military bases, etc) that may exist within a State.

The Internal Revenue Service has for years been protected by statutory courts both of the United States and the several States, with the latter operating in the framework of adopted uniform laws which ascribe a federal character to the several States. Both operate under the presumption of Congress' Article IV jurisdiction within the geographical United States (the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, etc.), both accommodate private international law under exclusively United States treaties on private international law, and both operate in the framework of admiralty rules to impose Civil Law (see both majority & dissenting opinions variously, Bennis v. Michigan, U.S. Supreme Court No. 94-8729, March 4, 1996) , which is repugnant to both state and national constitutions (see authority of Department of Justice as representative of the "Central Authority" established by U.S. treaties on private international law at 28 CFR § 0.49; also, "conflict of law" as a subcategory to "statutes" in American Jurisprudence). However, this house of cards will shortly fall as Cooperative Federalism, known as Corporatism well into the 1930s, has been thoroughly documented and is rapidly being exposed via state and United States appellate courts and in public forum.

In reality, the Internal Revenue Code preserves due process rights, but the statute has been dormant until recently:

The reorganization plans of 1950 & 1952 were implemented via the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, Volume 68A of the Statutes at Large, and were codified as title 26 of the United States Code. Savings statutes have been in place since the beginning, but generally not understood by the general population or the legal profession. The statute set out above is easier to comprehend when references are consolidated. Further, the dependent clause "including trial by jury" relates to a constitutionally-assured right, not a remedy, so it should be moved to the proper location in the sentence. Finally, the matter of venue is important as "existing law" is constitutional and common law indigenous to the several States. In the absence of legitimate federal law which extends to the several States, those persons who operate under color of law in NAME of tax only, engage in fraud, oppression, misuse of authority, abuse of law, conspiracy, extortion, wrongful conversion, theft, etc., are subject to the foundation law of the States. Venue is determined by the law of legislative jurisdiction.

Citing "including trial by jury" preserves the full slate of due process rights included in Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution for the united States of America and corresponding provisions in constitutions of the several States. The example represents the class.

Additionally, note that, (1) actions may issue against bogus assessments as well as collections, and (2) § 7804(b), unlike § 7433, does not presume that the complaining party is a "taxpayer". Finally, there is 26 CFR, Part 1 regulatory support for § 7804 where there are no regulations published in the Federal Register in support of § 7433 (see Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules, beginning on page 751 of the Index volume to the Code of Federal Regulations). Therefore, § 7804(b) preserves rights and determines the nature of civil actions for remedies in the several States. When straightened out, applicable portions of § 7804(b) read as follows:

The necessity of due process is implicitly preserved by 28 USC § 2463, which stipulates that any seizure under United States revenue laws will be deemed in the custody of the law and subject solely to disposition of courts of the United States with proper jurisdiction. In other words, even if IRS had legitimate authority in the several States, the agency would of necessity have to file a civil or criminal complaint prior to garnishment, seizure or any other action adversely affecting the life, liberty or property of any given person, whether a Fourteenth Amendment citizen-subject of the United States or a Citizen principal of one of the several States. Due process assurances in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments do not equivocate -- administrative seizures without due process can be equated only to tyranny and barbarian rule. Further, even regulations governing IRS conduct acknowledge and therefore preserve Fifth Amendment assurances at 26 CFR § 601.106(f)(1).

(1) Rule 1. An exaction by the U.S. Government, which is not based upon law statutory or otherwise, is a taking of property without due process of law, in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Accordingly, an Appeals representative in his or her conclusions of fact or application of the law, shall hew to the law and the recognized standards of legal construction. It shall be his or her duty to determine the correct amount of the tax, with strict impartiality as between the taxpayer and the Government, and without favoritism or discrimination as between taxpayers.

Even officers, agents and employees of United States agencies are assured due process where garnishment is concerned (5 USC § 5520a), so the notion that IRS has authority to execute garnishment and other seizures via the private sector without due process is clearly absurd. In the English-American lineage, due process has always been deemed to mean trial by jury under rules of the common law indigenous to the several States; the de jure people of America are not subject to admiralty or administrative tribunals.

Where officers, agents and employees of the Internal Revenue Service are concerned, there can be no plea of ignorance concerning the necessity of due process as the Handbook for Revenue Agents, at paragraph 332: (1), provides the following:

During the course of administratively collecting a tax, an occasion may arise where service of a levy or a notice of levy is not adequate to seize the property of a taxpayer. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that constitutional guarantees and individual rights must not be violated. Property should not be forcibly removed from the person of the taxpayer. Such conduct may expose a revenue officer to an action in trespass, assault and battery, conversion, etc.

The provision acknowledges the Supreme Court decision in Larson v. Domestic and Foreign Commerce Corp. 337 U.S. 682 (1949).

In sum, the mandate for due process, meaning initiatives through judicial courts with proper jurisdiction, is clearly antecedent to imposition of administratively-issued liens, except where licensing agreements obligate assets, or seizures, whether by garnishment, attachment of bank accounts, administrative seizure and sale of real or private property, or any other initiative that compromises life, liberty or property.

Consult 26 USC §§ 7851 & 7852 to verify that the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended in 1986 and since, simply reorganized the Internal Revenue Code of 1939. Read § 7852(b) & (c), then read the balance of §§ 7851 & 7852 for best comprehension.

The importance of making this connection rests on the fact that the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 was merely codification of the Public Salary Tax Act of 1939. There was no general income tax levied against the population at large in 1939 or since. The Public Salary Tax Act of 1939, which in the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 incorporated the Social Security tax activated after 1936, was premised on the notion that working for federal government is a privilege. Income and related taxes prescribed in Subtitles A & C of the current Internal Revenue Code have never been mandatory for anyone other than officers, agents and employees of the United States, as identified at 26 USC § 3401(c), and agencies of the United States, identified at § 3401(d), particularized at 5 USC §§ 102 & 105.

The (privilege) tax is an indirect excise tax rather than a direct tax -- according to the Supreme Court rulings in Brushaber v Union Pacific R.R. Co., 240 U.S. 1 (1916):
"... taxation on income was in its nature an excise entitled to be enforced as such ...", and

Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co., 240 U.S. 112 (1916):
"... the 16th Amendment conferred no new power of taxation ...", the Sixteenth Amendment, deceptively promulgated in 1913, did not alter or repeal constitutional provisions which require all direct taxes to be apportioned among the several States (Constitution, Article I §§ 2.3 & 9.4), nor did it establish the income tax as a direct tax.

In Eisner v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189 (1918), Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1, and numerous decisions since, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that for purposes of income tax, wages and other returns from enterprise of common right are property, not income. In fact, returns from enterprise of common right are fundamental to all property, and the sanctity is preserved as a fundamental common law principle dating to signing of the Magna Charta in 1215.

The nature of Subtitles A & C taxes is revealed at 26 CFR § 31.3101-1: "The employee tax is measured by the amount of wages received after 1954 with respect to employment after 1936..." In other words, the wage is not the object, but merely the measure of the tax. This verbiage constitutes so much legalese in an effort to circumvent the duck test, but the fact that taxes collected by the Internal Revenue Service fall into the excise category was confirmed by the Comptroller General's report following the initial effort to audit IRS (GAO/T-AIMD-93-3). This little known fact of law is further confirmed by the Congressional Research Service Report No. 79-131 A, which was written by Howard Zaritsky, Legislative Attorney for the American Law Division of Congress. It is further suggested at 26 CFR § 106.401(a)(2), where the regulation concedes that, "The descriptive terms used in this section to designate the various classes of taxes are intended only to indicate their general character...".

By referencing the Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules, cited above, it is found that the definition of "gross income" is still preserved in Section 22 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, thus cementing the link between the Code of 1939 and Subtitles A & C of the Code of 1954, as amended in 1986 and since. The Internal Revenue Code of 1939 merely codified the Public Salary Tax Act of 1939. This link is further confirmed in Senate Committee On Finance and House Committee On Ways and Means reports No. H.R. 8300 (1954, Internal Revenue Code), in which § 22 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 and § 61 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (current code) were solidly linked, as shown in the footnote for 26 USC § 61 in the 1954 Code. Both reports stipulate that the current definition of "gross income" is intended to be constitutional. The implementing tables for section 22a under the 1939 (and current) Code show it as being implemented under Title 26 Part 519, which is the Canadian Tax Treaty that expired in 1993, but DO NOT SHOW any implementation for it under PART 1 - Tax On Individuals.

This intent is articulated at 26 CFR § 1.61-1(a): "Gross income means all income from whatever source derived, unless excluded by law."

An "Act of Congress" is policy, not law, and per definition located in Rule 54, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, has only local application in the District of Columbia and other United States territories and insular possessions unless general application is manifestly expressed: Rule 54(c) -- "'Act of congress' includes any act of Congress locally applicable to and in force in the District of Columbia, in Puerto Rico, in a territory or in an insular possession."

Where the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 is concerned (Vol. 68A, Statutes at Large, p.3), the legislation is in fact styled, "An Act" "To revise the internal revenue laws of the United States."

As demonstrated above, wages and other returns from enterprise of common right are exempt from direct tax by fundamental law, and the regulation for the current Internal Revenue Code definition for "gross income" clearly articulates the fundamental law exemption.

The exemption as it pertains to the several States is demonstrated by referencing the Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules (Index volume to the CFR, p. 751 of the 1995 edition): There are 26 CFR, Part 1 regulations listed for 26 USC §§ 61 & 62, the latter being the definition for adjusted gross income, but there is no 26 CFR, Part 1 or 31 regulation for 26 USC § 63, the definition for taxable income.

While definitions for gross and adjusted gross income are clearly antecedent to the definition of taxable income, they have no legal effect if there is no taxing authority -- adjusted gross income which is not taxable within the several States is of no consequence where the federal tax system is concerned.

Further, on examination of 26 CFR § 1.62-1, pertaining to "adjusted gross income", it is found that subsections (a) & (b) are reserved so the published regulation is incomplete, with "temporary" regulation § 1.62-1T serving as the current authority defining "adjusted gross income." Temporary regulations have no legal effect.

Definitions at § 3401, Vol. 68A of the Statutes at Large (the Internal Revenue Code of 1954), make it clear that, (§ 3401(a)(A)), "a resident of a contiguous country who enters and leaves the United States at frequent intervals..," is a nonresident alien of the United States (citizens and residents of the several States included), and the exclusion from "wages" extends even to citizens of the United States who provide services for employers "other than the United States or an agency thereof" (§ 3401(a)(8)(A)).

Volume 68A of the Statutes at Large, the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, makes it perfectly clear who is "liable" for payment of Subtitles A & C taxes:

The liability is further clarified at Vol. 68A, Sec. 3402(d):

§ 3402(d). Tax paid by recipient.

These provisions from Vol. 68A of the Statutes at Large comply with and verify liability set out at 26 CFR, Part 601, Subpart D in general. Further, territorial limits of application are made clear by the absence of regulations supporting 26 USC §§ 7621, 7802, etc., which are the statutes authorizing establishment of internal revenue districts and delegations of authority to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue and assistants. The fact that the liability falls to the "employer" (defined at 26 USC § 3401(d)) under 26 USC 3403 and/or a "withholding agent" (defined at 26 USC § 7701(a)(14)) under 26 USC § 1461, with no compensation for serving as "tax collector," narrows the field to federal government entities (agencies) as "employers", if for no other reason than the population at large is not subject to the edict of government officials. As a matter of course, government cannot compel performance of Citizens of a State where the general population is concerned. (even if the Citizen is an employee of the State - see United States v. Lopez, No. 93-1260, 115 S. Ct. 1624, 131 L. Ed. 2d 626. The subject class that has "liability" for Subtitles A & C taxes is the "employer" or his/a (withholding) agent, fiduciary, etc., as identified above.

The matter is further clarified in §§ 3403 & 3404 of Vol. 68A, Statutes at Large:

§ 3404. RETURN AND PAYMENT BY GOVERNMENTAL EMPLOYER.

The territorial application, and limitation, is made clear by definitions in Title 26 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

§ 31.3121(3)-1 State, United States, and citizen. (a) When used in the regulations in this subpart, the term "State" includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii before their admission as States, and (when used with respect to services performed after 1960 Guam and American Samoa. (b) When used in the regulations in this subpart, the term "United States", when used in a geographical sense, means the several states (including the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii before their admission as States), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. When used in

the regulations in this subpart with respect to services performed after 1960, the term "United States" also includes Guam and American Samoa when the term is used in a geographical sense. The term "citizen of the United States" includes a citizen of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands, and, effective January 1, 1961, a citizen of Guam or American Samoa.

Definition of the terms "includes" and "including" located at 26 USC § 7701(c) provides the limiting authority which the above definitions, beyond constructive application, are subject to:

(c) INCLUDES AND INCLUDING. -- The terms "includes" and "including" when used in a definition contained in this title shall not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise within the meaning of the term defined.

Two principles of law clarify definition intent:
(1) The example represents the class, and
(2) that which is not named is intended to be omitted.

In the definition of "United States" and "State" set out above, all examples are of federal States, and are exclusive of the several States, with the transition of Alaska and Hawaii from the included to the excluded class proving the point. This conclusion is reinforced by the absence of regulations which extend authority to establish revenue districts in the several States (26 USC § 7621), authority for the Department of the Treasury [Puerto Rico] in the several States (26 USC § 7801), and no grant of delegated authority for the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, assistant commissioners, or other Department of the Treasury personnel (26 USC § 7802 & 7803).

Here again, the Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules is useful as it demonstrates that Subtitles A & C taxes do not have general application within the several States and to the population at large. The regulation for 26 USC § 1 refers to 26 CFR § 301, but that amounts to a dead end -- there is no regulation under 26 CFR, Part 1 or 31 which would apply to the several States and the population at large. Further, there are no supportive regulations at all for 26 USC §§ 2 & 3, and of considerable significance, no regulations supporting corporate income tax, 26 USC § 11, as applicable to the several States.

Where the instant matter is concerned, regulations supporting 26 USC § 6321, liens for taxes, and § 6331, levy and distraint, are under 27 CFR, Part 70. The importance here is that Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations is exclusively under Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms administration for Subtitle E and related taxes. There are no corresponding regulations for the Internal Revenue Service, in 26 CFR, Part 1 or 31, which extend comparable authority to the several States and the population at large.

The necessity of regulations being published in the Federal Register is variously prescribed in the Administrative Procedures Act, at 5 USC § 552 et seq., and the Federal Register Act, at 44 USC § 1501 et seq. Of particular note, it is specifically set out at 44 USC § 1505(a), that when regulations are not published in the Federal Register, application of any given statute is exclusively to agencies of the United States and officers, agents and employees of the United States, thus once again confirming application of Subtitles A & C tax demonstrated above. Further, the need for regulations is detailed in 1 CFR, Chapter 1, and where the Internal Revenue Service is concerned, 26 CFR § 601.702.

The need for regulations has repeatedly been affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States, as stated in California Bankers Ass'n. v. Schultz, 416 U.S. 21, 26, 94 S.Ct. 1494, 1500, 39 L.Ed.2d 812 (1974):

Because it has a bearing on our treatment of some of the issues raised by the parties, we think it important to note that the Act's civil and criminal penalties attach only upon violation of regulations promulgated by the Secretary; if the Secretary were to do nothing, the Act itself would impose no penalties on anyone ... The government argues that since only those who violate regulations may incur civil and criminal penalties it is the regulations issued by the Secretary of the Treasury and not the broad, authorizing language of the statute, which is to be tested against the standards of the 4th

Amendment...

Because there is a citation supporting these statutes applicable under Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations, it is important to point out that, "Each agency shall publish its own regulations in full text," (1 CFR § 21.21(c)), with further verification that one agency cannot use regulations promulgated by another at 1 CFR § 21.40. To date, no corresponding regulation has been found for 26 CFR, Part 1 or 31, so until proven otherwise, IRS does not have authority to perfect liens or prosecute seizures in the several States as pertaining to the population at large.

Regulations pertaining to seized property are found at 26 CFR § 601.326:

Part 72 of Title 27 CFR contains the regulations relative to the personal property seized by officers of the Internal Revenue Service or the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms as subject to forfeiture as being used, or intended to be used, to violate certain Federal Laws; the remission or mitigation of such forfeiture; and the administrative sale or other disposition, pursuant to forfeiture, of such seized property other than firearms seized under the National Firearms Act and firearms and ammunition seized under title 1 of the Gun Control Act of 1968. For disposal of firearms and ammunition under Title 1 of the Gun Control Act of 1968, see 18 U.S.C. 924(d). For disposal of explosives under Title XI of Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, see 18 U.S.C. 844(c).

The only other comparable authority thus far found pertains to windfall profits tax on petroleum (26 CFR § 601.405), but once again, application is not supported by regulations applicable to the several States and the population at large.

Where the provision for filing 1040 returns is concerned, the key regulatory reference is at 26 CFR § 601.401(d)(4), and this application appears related to "employees" who work for two or more "employers", receiving foreign-earned income effectively connected to the United States under tax treaty. The option of filing a 1040 return for refund is mentioned in instructions applicable to United States citizens and residents of the Virgin Islands, but to date has not been located elsewhere. Reference OMB numbers for § 601.401, listed on page 170, 26 CFR, Part 600-End, cross referenced to Department of Treasury OMB numbers published in the Federal Register, November 1995, for foreign application.

The fact that 1040 tax return forms are optional and voluntary, with special application, is further reinforced by Delegation Order 182 (reference 26 CFR §§ 301.6020-1(b) & 301.7701). The Secretary or his delegate is authorized to file a Substitute for Return for the following: Form 941 (Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return); Form 720 (Quarterly Federal Excise Tax Return); Form 2290 (Federal Use Tax Return on Highway Motor Vehicles); Form CT-1 (Employer's Annual Railroad Retirement Tax Return); Form 1065 (U.S. Partnership Return of Income); Form 11-B (Special Tax Return - Gaming Services); Form 942 (Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return for Household Employees); and Form 943 (Employer's Annual Tax Return for Agricultural Employees).

The "notice of levy" instrument forwarded to various third parties is not actually a "levy" which warrants surrender of property. The Internal Revenue Code, at § 6335(a), defines the "notice" instrument by use -- notice is to be served to whomever seizure has been executed against after the seizure is effected. In short, the notice merely conveys information, it is not cause for action. The term "notice" is clarified by definition in Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, and other law dictionaries. Use of the "notice of levy" instrument to effect seizure is prima facie evidence of fraud by design.

Proper use of the "notice" process, administrative garnishment, et al, is specifically set out in 5 USC § 5514, as being applicable exclusively to officers, agents and employees of agencies of the United tates (26 USC § 3401(c)). Even then, however, the process must comply with provisions of 31 USC § 3530(d), and standards set forth in §§ 3711 & 3716-17. In accordance with provisions of 26 CFR, Part 601, Subpart D, the employer, meaning the United States agency the employee is employed by, is responsible for promulgating regulations and carrying out garnishment.

Even if IRS was the agency responsible for collecting from an "employee," due process would still be required, as noted above, so authority to collect would ensue only after securing a court order from a court of competent jurisdiction, which in the several States would mean a judicial court of the State. In United States law, however, there is no authority for securing or issuing a Notice of Distraint premised on non-filing, bogus filing, or any other act relating to the 1040 return. See United States v. O'Dell, Case No. 10188, Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, March 10, 1947. In G.M. Leasing Corp. v. United States, 429 U.S. 338 (1977), the United States Supreme Court held that a judicial warrant for tax levies is necessary to protect against unjustified intrusions into privacy. The Court further held that forcible entry by IRS officials onto private premises without prior judicial authorization was also an invasion of privacy.

General demands for filing tax returns, production of records, examination of books, imposition and payment of tax, etc., are of no consequence to the point a taxing statute (1) defines what tax is being imposed, and (2) the basis of liability. In other words, even if the Internal Revenue Service was a legitimate agency of the United States Department of the Treasury under the law and had authority in the several States, the Service would have to be specific with respect to what tax was at issue and would have to demonstrate the tax by citing a taxing statute with the necessary elements to establish that any given person was obligated to pay any given tax.

This mandate has been clarified by the courts numerous times, with the matter definitively stated by the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Community TV, Inc., 327 F.2d 797, at p. 800 (1964):

"Without question, a taxing statute must describe with some certainty the transaction, service, or object to be taxed, and in the typical situation it is construed against the Government." Hassett v. Welch, 303 U.S. 303, 58 S.Ct. 559, 82 L.Ed.858

In other words, to the point Service personnel produce the statute which mandates a certain tax and which specifies, "... the transaction, service, or object to be taxed..," the burden of proof lies with the Government, with the consequence being that no obligation or civil or criminal liability can ensue to the point a taxing statute that meets the above requirements is in evidence.

This conclusion is supported by the statute which provides the underlying requirements for keeping records, making statements, etc., located at 26 USC § 6001:

This controlling statute for Subtitle F, Chapter 61, Subchapter A, Part I, concerning records, statements, and special returns, clearly returns the matter to the "employee" defined at § 3401(c), and the "employer" defined at § 3401(d). In general, however, (1) the Secretary must provide direct notice to whomever is required to keep books, records, etc., as being the "person liable," or (2) specify the person liable by regulation. In the absence of notice by the Secretary, based on a taxing statute which makes such a person liable according to provisions stipulated in United States v. Community TV, Inc., Hassett v. Welch, and other such cases, or regulations which specifically set establish general liability, there is no liability.

Sec. 6001 also exempts "employees" from keeping records except where tips and the like are concerned. This is consistent with constructive demonstration that "employers" rather than "employees" are required to file returns, as opposed to paying deducted amounts as income tax returns, constructively demonstrated in a previous section of this memorandum and specifically articulated in 26 CFR § 601.104. Clarification via 26 USC § 6053(a) is as follows:

Unraveling § 6001 straightens out the meaning of § 6011, which requires filing returns, statements, etc., by the person made liable (§ 3401(d)), as distinguished from the person required to make returns (payments) at § 6012 (§ 3401(c)). Even though a person might be a citizen or resident of the United States employed by an agency of the United States, and thereby be required to return a prescribed amount of United States-source income, he is not the person liable under § 6011 and attending regulations.

The "method of assessment" prescribed at 26 USC § 6303 is therefore dependent on the taxing statute and must rest on authority specifically conveyed by a taxing statute which prescribes liability where the Secretary (1) has provided specific notice, including the statute and type of tax being imposed, or (2) supports assessment by regulatory application. In the absence of one or the other, an assessment by the Secretary is of no consequence as it is not legally obligating.

The requirement for the Secretary to provide notice to whomever is responsible for collecting tax, keeping records, etc., is clarified at 26 CFR § 301.7512-1, particularly (a)(1)(i), relating to "employee tax imposed by section 3101 of chapter 21 (Federal Insurance Contributions Act)," and (a)(1)(iii), relating to "income tax required to be withheld on wages by section 3402 of chapter 24 (Collection of Income Tax at Source on Wages)..." The person liable is the employer or the employer's agent, and of particular significance, it is this "person" who is subject to civil and particularly criminal penalties (26 CFR § 301.7513-1(f); 26 CFR §§ 301.7207-1 & 301.7214-1, etc.). Officers and employees of the United States are specifically identified as being liable at 26 USC § 301.7214-1.

The matter of who is required to register, apply for licenses, or otherwise collect and/or pay taxes imposed by the Internal Revenue Code is ultimately and finally put to rest under "Licensing and Registration", 26 USC §§ 301.7001-1, et seq. Each of the categories so addressed has liability based on some particular taxing statute which creates liability.

The requirement for a specific taxing statute, with 26 USC § 6001 clearly providing the first leg in necessary administrative procedure to determine liability, was addressed at length in Rodriguez v.United States, 629 F.Supp.333 (N.D. Ill. 1986). Presuming (1) the Secretary has provided the necessary notice, or (2) a regulation prescribes general application which makes any given person liable for a tax and requires tax return statements to be filed, each step in administrative process prescribed by 26 USC §§ 6201, 6212, 6213, 6303 and 6331 must be in place for seizure or any other encumbrance to be legal.

Here again, regulations published in the Federal Register are significant, with provisions of 5 USC § 552 et seq., 44 USC § 1501 et seq., 1 CFR, Chapter I, and 26 CFR, Part 601 all supporting the mandate for regulations to be published in the Federal Register before they have general application. It will be noted by referencing the Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules, beginning on page 751 of the 1995 Index volume to the Code of Federal Regulations, that application by regulation to the several States is only under Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations, or that there are no regulations published in the Federal Register. The following entries, or non-entries, are found:

Code Section	Description	Published Regulation
26 USC § 6201	Assessment authority	27 CFR, Part 70
26 USC § 6212	Notice of deficiency	No Regulation
26 USC § 6213	Deficiencies; Tax Court	No Regulation
26 USC § 6303	Notice and Demand for Tax	27 CFR, Part 53, 70
26 USC § 6331	Levy and distraint	27 CFR, Part 70

The assessment authority under 26 USC § 6201, in relevant part as applicable to Subtitles A & C taxes, are as follows:

(a) Authority of Secretary. -- The Secretary is authorized and required to make the inquires, determination, and assessments of all taxes (including interest, additional amounts, additions to the tax, and assessable penalties) imposed by this title, or accruing under any former internal revenue law, which have been duly paid by stamp at the time and in the manner provided by law. Such authority shall extend to and include the following:

(1) TAXES SHOWN ON RETURN.
The secretary shall assess all taxes determined by the taxpayer or by the Secretary as to which returns or lists are made under this title.
(2) UNPAID TAXES PAYABLE BY STAMP. ...
(3) ERRONEOUS INCOME TAX PREPAYMENT CREDITS.

If on any return or claim for refund of income taxes under subtitle A there is an overstatement of the credit for income tax withheld at the source, or of the amount paid as estimated income tax, the amount so overstated which is allowed against the tax shown on the return or which is allowed as a credit or refund may be assessed by the Secretary in the same manner as in the case of a mathematical or clerical error appearing upon the return, except that the provisions of section 6213(b)(2) (relating to abatement of mathematical or clerical error assessments) shall not apply with regard to any assessment under this paragraph.

(b) Amount not to be assessed.
(1) ESTIMATED INCOME TAX
. -- No unpaid amount of estimated income tax required to be paid under section 6654 or 6655 shall be assessed.
(2) FEDERAL EMPLOYMENT TAX
. -- No unpaid amount of Federal unemployment tax for any calendar quarter or other period of a calendar year, computed as provided in section 6157, shall be assessed. ...

(d) DEFICIENCY PROCEEDINGS.

For special rules applicable to deficiencies of income, estate, gift, and certain excise taxes, see subchapter B. [emphasis added]

The grant of assessment authority with respect to taxes prescribed in Subtitles A & C is limited to provisions set out above even where the Service might have authority relating to those made liable for the tax, meaning the "employer" specified at 26 USC § 3401(d). Clearly, returns made either by the agent of the United States agency required to file a return, or the Secretary, are to be evaluated mathematically, and errors are to be treated as clerical errors, nothing more. The Secretary has no authority to assess estimated income tax (individual estimated income tax at § 6554; corporation estimated income tax at § 6655), or unemployment tax ( § 6157). For all practical purposes, the trail effectively ends here.

In order for there to be an opportunity for a Citizen of the United States (a Citizen of one of the several States) to be taxed or treated as a "taxpayer" of the United States, one or the other of a married couple, or the single "individual" making the election, must be an employee of the United States. Some party must in some way be connected with a "United States trade or business" (performance of the functions of a public office (26 USC § 7701(a)(26)), or elect to participate in Social Security. A Citizen never has domestic self-employment income. In the event that a person becomes an "employee" of the Federal Government (26 USC § 3401(c)), the "employer" (26 USC § 3401(d)) is liable (26 USC § 3403) for collection and payment of income tax from that person. And in order for real property to be treated as effectively connected with a United States trade or business by way of election, it must be located within the geographical United States (26 USC § 871(d)).

Provisions cited above preclude any and all legal authority for Citizens of the several States, or privately owned enterprise located in the several States, to be mandated to participate in the federal tax and benefits programs prescribed in Subtitles A & C of the Internal Revenue Code, and companion legislation such as the Social Security Act which provide benefits from the United States Government, which has no legislative (territorial) jurisdiction in the several States to impose law from on the Citizens of that State.

This memorandum is not intended to be exhaustive, but merely sufficient to support causes set out separately. The most conspicuous conclusions of law are that Congress never created a Bureau of Internal Revenue, the predecessor of the Internal Revenue Service; Subtitles A & C of the Internal Revenue Code prescribe excise taxes, mandatory only for employees of United States Government agencies; the Internal Revenue Service, within the geographical United States where the Service appears to have colorable authority, is required to use judicial process prior to seizing or encumbering assets; and the law demonstrates that people of the several States cannot legitimately be taxed or treated as taxpayers (Federal employees) of the United States Government by presumption. If a Citizen of one of the several States works for an agency of the United States or receives income from a United States "trade or business" or otherwise effectively connected with the United States, the employer or other third party responsible for payment is made liable for withholding taxes at the rate of 30% or 14%, depending on classification, and is thus "the person liable" and may be subject to Internal Revenue Service initiatives, with administrative initiatives, where seizure and/or encumbrance actions are concerned, subject to judicial determinations by courts of competent jurisdiction.

Under penalties of perjury under the laws of the United States of America, per 28 USC § 1746, and without prejudice, I attest that to the best of my knowledge and understanding, all matters of law and fact presented herein are accurate and true.

Dan Meador & Thomas T. Scambos, Jr.

July 4, 1997